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1流放制度
起源
1GeorgeV.LantzeffandRichardA.Pierce,EastwardtoEmpire:ExplorationandConquestontheRussianOpenFrontier,to1750(Montreal,1973).
2MichaelKhodarkovsky,Russia’sSteppeFrontier:TheMakingofaColonialEmpire,1500–1800(Bloomington,IN,2002),ch.3;GeorgeV.Lantzeff,SiberiaintheSeventeenthCentury(NewYork,1972),pp.87–8;AndrewA.Gentes,ExiletoSiberia,1590–1822(Basingstoke,2008),pp.22–5;JanetM.Hartley,Siberia:AHistoryofthePeople(NewHaven,2014),pp.5–11.
3JamesForsyth,AHistoryofthePeoplesofSiberia:Russia’sNorthAsianColony,1581–1990(Cambridge,1992),pp.6–10;AndrewA.Gentes,Exile,MurderandMadnessinSiberia,1823–61(Basingstoke,2010),pp.1–4.
4W.BruceLinc
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