RMANinProphetsofDeceit,NewYork:Harper,1949,1。
4.在许多已发表研究中,都有确凿证据表明偏见之间是正相关,这些研究如下:G.W.ALLPORTandB.M.KRAMER,Somerootsofprejudice,JournalofPsychology,1946,22,9-39;E.L.THORNDIKE,Onthestrengthofcertainbeliefsandthenatureofcredulity,CharacterandPersonality,1943,12,1-14;G.MURPHYandR.LIKERT,PublicOpinionandtheIndividual,NewYork:Harper,1938;G.RAZRAN,Ethnicdislikesandstereotypesalaboratorystudy,JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,1950,45,7-27。
5.T.W.ADORNO,E.FRENKEL-BRUNSWIK,D.J.LEVINSONandR.N.Sanford.TheAuthoritarianPersonality.NewYork:Harper,1950.
6.结论是“近似”,是因为这是基于早期种族中心主义和反犹太主义量表之上。此处题目是经由作者修改简短版“终极形式”。但是其互相之间相关性是未知。它们不太可能与早期相关性差别太大。
7.Ibid.,182.
8.G.MURPHYandR.LIKERT.PublicOpinionandtheIndividual.NewYork:Harper,1938.
9.F.L.MARCUSE.Attitudesandtheirrelationships——ademonstrationaltechnique.JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,1945,40,408-410.
10.例如,有些证据显示,犹太人本身就反犹太人(这种现象并不少见),却很少对其他群体抱有偏见。他们心理问题是他们自己成员群体特有。Cf.N.ACKERMANandM.JAHODA,Anti-SemitismandEmotionalDisorder,NewYork:Harper,1950.
11.E.T.PROTHRO.Ethnocentrismandanti-Negroattitudesinthedeepsouth.JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology,1952,47,105-108.
12.这里引用调查数据参见E.ROPER在Fortune,February1946,October1947,SeptemberSupplement19
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